En föregående fråga funderade på lagligheten och säkerheten med låg sikt Del 91 start. Jag undrar om kraven för start av låg sikt för kommersiella flygbolag (t ex Del 121-planerad verksamhet). Jag vet om tillstånd för operatörer upp till 600 RVR (även om jag tror att jag minns 300 RVR för en operatör från DEN), och olika krav på andra steg under standardtaktminima.
Min fråga är:
Del 121-förordningen som reglerar startprojekt med låg sikt anges i 14 CFR 121.651. Det refererar till företaget OpSpecs och 91.175 och Del 97:
Minimaltal för miniminivåer anges i 14 CFR 91.175 och skulle vara det högsta av:
OpSpec C056 är utfärdat till alla 121 bärare och stavar i princip de "standard" startmängder som jag listade ovan och anger att RVR måste användas om det är tillgängligt på landningsbanan.
OpSpec C078 utfärdas normalt och tillåter start med lägre än standard sikt så länge flygplatsen inte redan har publicerat högre än standard miniminivåer. Detta är en ganska inblandad OpSpec med flera valfria stycken, och operatörer kan godkännas för start-upp till och med 300 RVR. För de som inte känner till termen är RVR (Runway Visual Range) det avstånd som en pilot kan se ner på banan, mätt av automatisk utrustning, och mäts i fötter i USA.
Det erbjuder godkännanden för följande visibiliteter:
Regler / Sample OpSpecs
§121.651 Takeoff and landing weather minimums: IFR: All certificate holders.
(a) Notwithstanding any clearance from ATC, no pilot may begin a takeoff in an airplane under IFR when the weather conditions reported by the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by that Service, or a source approved by the Administrator, are less than those specified in—
(1) The certificate holder's operations specifications; or
(2) Parts 91 and 97 of this chapter, if the certificate holder's operations specifications do not specify takeoff minimums for the airport.
§91.175 Takeoff and landing under IFR.
...
(f) Civil airport takeoff minimums. This paragraph applies to persons operating an aircraft under part 121, 125, 129, or 135 of this chapter.
(1) Unless otherwise authorized by the FAA, no pilot may takeoff from a civil airport under IFR unless the weather conditions at time of takeoff are at or above the weather minimums for IFR takeoff prescribed for that airport under part 97 of this chapter.
(2) If takeoff weather minimums are not prescribed under part 97 of this chapter for a particular airport, the following weather minimums apply to takeoffs under IFR:
(i) For aircraft, other than helicopters, having two engines or less—1 statute mile visibility.
(ii) For aircraft having more than two engines—1⁄2 statute mile visibility.
(iii) For helicopters—1⁄2 statute mile visibility.
C056, IFR Takeoff Minimums, Part 121 Airplane Operations - All Airports.
a. Standard takeoff minimums are defined as 1 statute mile visibility or RVR 5000 for airplanes having 2 engines or less and ½ statute mile visibility or RVR 2400 for airplanes having more than 2 engines.
b. RVR reports, when available for a particular runway, shall be used for all takeoff operations on that runway. All takeoff operations, based on RVR, must use RVR reports from the locations along the runway specified in this paragraph.
c. When a takeoff minimum is not published, the certificate holder may use the applicable standard takeoff minimum and any lower than standard takeoff minimums authorized by these operations specifications. When standard takeoff minimums or greater are used, the Touchdown Zone RVR report, if available, is controlling.
d. When a published takeoff minimum is greater than the applicable standard takeoff minimum and an alternate procedure (such as a minimum climb gradient compatible with aircraft capabilities) is not prescribed, the certificate holder shall not use a takeoff minimum lower than the published minimum. The Touchdown Zone RVR report, if available, is controlling.
C078, IFR Lower Than Standard Takeoff Minimums, 14 CFR Part 121 Airplane Operations - All Airports.
Standard takeoff minimums are authorized in operations specification paragraph C056. The certificate holder is authorized to use lower than standard takeoff minimums in accordance with the limitations and provisions of this operations specification as follows.
a. Runway visual range (RVR) reports, when available for a particular runway, shall be used for all takeoff operations on that runway. All takeoff operations, based on RVR, must use RVR reports from the locations along the runway specified in this paragraph.
b. When takeoff minimums are equal to or less than the applicable standard takeoff minimum, the certificate holder is authorized to use the lower than standard takeoff minimums described below:
(1) Visibility or runway visual value (RVV) ¼ statute mile or touchdown zone RVR 1600, provided at least one of the following visual aids is available. The touchdown zone RVR report, if available, is controlling. The mid RVR report may be substituted for the touchdown zone RVR report if the touchdown zone RVR report is not available.
(a) Operative high intensity runway lights (HIRL).
(b) Operative runway centerline lights (CL).
(c) Serviceable runway centerline marking (RCLM).
(d) In circumstances when none of the above visual aids are available, visibility or RVV ¼ statute mile may still be used, provided other runway markings or runway lighting provide pilots with adequate visual reference to continuously identify the takeoff surface and maintain directional control throughout the takeoff run.
[NOTE: If an operator is not authorized RVR 1000 the POI will not select RVR 1000 in the OPSS. If the OPSS is not available the POI should delete subparagraph b(2), b(3), & b(4) from the word boilerplate.]
(2) Touchdown zone RVR 1000 (beginning of takeoff run) and rollout RVR 1000, provided all of the following visual aids and RVR equipment are available.
(a) Operative runway centerline lights (CL).
(b) Two operative RVR reporting systems serving the runway to be used, both of which are required and controlling. A mid-RVR report may be substituted for either a touchdown zone RVR report if a touchdown zone report is not available or a rollout RVR report if a rollout RVR report is not available.
[NOTE: If an operator is not authorized RVR 500 the POI will not select RVR 500 in the OPSS. If the OPSS is not available the POI should delete subparagraph b(3), & b(4) from the word boilerplate.]
(3) Touchdown zone RVR 500 (beginning of takeoff run), mid RVR 500, and rollout RVR 500, provided all of the following visual aids and RVR equipment are available.
(a) Operative runway centerline lights (CL).
(b) Runway centerline markings (RCLM).
(c) Operative touchdown zone and rollout RVR reporting systems serving the runway to be used, both of which are controlling, or three RVR reporting systems serving the runway to be used, all of which are controlling. However, if one of the three RVR reporting systems has failed, a takeoff is authorized, provided the remaining two RVR values are at or above the appropriate takeoff minimum as listed in this subparagraph.
(4) At foreign airports which have runway lighting systems equivalent to U.S. standards, takeoff is authorized with a reported touchdown zone RVR of 150 meters, mid RVR of 150 meters, and rollout RVR of 150 meters. At those airports where it has been determined that the runway lighting system is not equivalent to U.S. standards, the minimums in subparagraphs a(1) or (2), as appropriate, apply.
c. Takeoff Guidance System, If Applicable. If the certificate holder is authorized to use takeoff minimums based upon the use of takeoff guidance systems, the minimums will be specified for the aircraft listed in the Table 1 below. The certificate holder shall conduct no other takeoffs using these takeoff minimums. If subparagraph c is not authorized, N/A will be annotated in each of the columns in the table.
(1) Special provisions and limitations.
(a) Operative high intensity runway lights (HIRL).
(b) Operative runway centerline lights (CL).
(c) Serviceable runway centerline markings (RCLM).
(d) Front course guidance from the localizer must be available and used (if applicable to guidance systems used).
(e) The reported crosswind component shall not exceed 10 knots.
(f) Operative touchdown zone, and rollout RVR reporting systems serving the runway to be used, both of which are controlling, or three RVR reporting systems serving the runway to be used, all of which are controlling. However, if one of the three RVR reporting systems has failed, a takeoff is authorized, provided the remaining two RVR values are at or above the appropriate takeoff minimum as listed in this subparagraph.
(g) The pilot-in-command and the second-in-command have completed the certificate holders approved training program for these operations.
(h) All operations using these minimums shall be conducted to runways which provide direct access to taxi routings which are equipped with operative taxiway centerline lighting which meets U.S. or ICAO criteria for CAT III operations; or other taxiway guidance systems approved for these operations.
(2) The certificate holder is authorized to use the following takeoff minimums for the airplanes listed below.
Table 1 (N/A = Not Authorized) Airplane M/M/S Lowest Authorized RVR Required Takeoff Guidance System
[NOTE: If an operator is not authorized pilot assessment the POI will not select this statement in the OPSS. If the OPSS is not available the POI should delete subparagraph d in its entirety from the word boilerplate.]
d. Pilot Assessment of RVR for Takeoff (if applicable). In circumstances when the touchdown zone RVR reporting system has failed, is inaccurate, or is not available, the certificate holder is authorized to substitute pilot assessment of equivalent RVR for any touchdown zone RVR report required by this operations specification paragraph provided that:
(1) The pilot has completed the FAA-approved training program for visibility assessment in lieu of RVR, and
(2) Runway markings or runway lighting is available to provide adequate visual reference for the assessment.
Läs andra frågor om taggar faa-regulations takeoff airline-operations far-121 Kärlek och kompatibilitet Skor Gear 12 Stjärntecken Grunderna